Cognac, the smooth and luxurious spirit enjoyed by many, is made from a specific type of grapes. These grapes belong to the white variety and are exclusively grown in the Cognac growing region. So, when it comes to the question of what’s in Cognac, the answer lies in these carefully cultivated grapes.
The Grapes Behind Cognac
The grapes used in Cognac production are primarily four main varieties: Ugni Blanc, Folle Blanche, Colombard, and Sémillon. Among these, Ugni Blanc, also known as Saint-Emilion, is the most commonly used grape due to its high acidity and low alcohol content, making it the perfect base for distillation.
The Fermentation Process
Once these white grapes are harvested, they undergo a natural fermentation process where the sugar in the juice is converted into alcohol. This fermentation process is the same as that used in winemaking and results in the production of a base wine with an alcohol content of around 7-8%.
Double Distillation
After fermentation, the base wine is distilled twice in traditional copper alembic stills. The first distillation, known as the “bouilleur de cru,” produces a liquid called “brouillis” with an alcohol content of approximately 28-30%. The brouillis is then distilled for the second time, known as the “bonne chauffe,” producing eau-de-vie with an alcohol content of around 70%.
The Aging Process
Once the eau-de-vie is obtained, it is placed into oak barrels for maturation. These barrels are usually made from French oak and have a significant impact on the final flavor profile of the Cognac. The aging process is a crucial step, as it allows the eau-de-vie to develop its characteristic aromas and smoothness over the years.
Blending and Age Statements
After the aging process, the next step is blending, where different aged eaux-de-vie are combined to create a harmonious and well-balanced final product. The expertise of the master blender plays a crucial role in achieving a consistent flavor profile for each Cognac house. Age statements on Cognac bottles indicate the youngest eau-de-vie used in the blend.
The Role of Tannins
During the aging process, the oak barrels impart tannins into the Cognac, contributing to its rich and complex flavor profile. Tannins provide structure and depth to the spirit, adding notes of vanilla, spice, and dried fruits. The longer the Cognac ages, the more pronounced these tannin-driven characteristics become.
The Influence of Terroir
The concept of terroir, which refers to the environmental factors that influence grape growth, also plays a role in shaping the flavor of Cognac. The unique climate, soil composition, and geographical location of the Cognac region contribute to the distinctiveness of Cognac and create a sense of place in every bottle.
The Importance of Maturation Cellars
Maturation cellars, where the barrels are stored, are another crucial element in the process of crafting Cognac. These cellars provide the ideal environment for aging, maintaining a consistent temperature and humidity level. The interaction between the eau-de-vie and the oak barrels in these cellars allows for the gradual development of flavors and aromas.
The Addition of Water
Before bottling, Cognac may sometimes be diluted with water to achieve the desired alcohol strength. This process, known as reduction, ensures that the final product meets the legal requirements and maintains its intended character.
Conclusion
In summary, Cognac is made from carefully selected white grapes that undergo fermentation, distillation, and aging in oak barrels. The influence of terroir, the expertise of the master blender, and the maturation process in cellars all contribute to the exceptional qualities found in each bottle of Cognac. So, the next time you raise a glass of this exquisite spirit, remember the journey that these grapes have taken to create such a remarkable and enjoyable experience.
